1.1 要点

1.1 Point

所选窗口中的光标显示大多数编辑命令生效的位置，称为点²。许多 Emacs 命令将指针移动到缓冲区中的不同位置；例如，您可以通过单击鼠标按钮 1（通常是左键）在所需位置放置点。

The cursor in the selected window shows the location where most editing commands take effect, which is called point². Many Emacs commands move point to different places in the buffer; for example, you can place point by clicking mouse button 1 (normally the left button) at the desired location.

默认情况下，所选窗口中的光标被绘制为实心块并显示在一个字符上，但您应该将点视为两个字符之间；它位于 光标下的字符之前。例如，如果您的文本看起来像 '弗洛布' 将光标置于 '乙'，则点位于 ' 之间哦' 和 '乙'。如果插入字符 '！' 在那个位置，结果是 '来回！b'，点位于 ' 之间！' 和 '乙'。因此，光标保留在 '乙'， 像之前一样。

By default, the cursor in the selected window is drawn as a solid block and appears to be on a character, but you should think of point as between two characters; it is situated before the character under the cursor. For example, if your text looks like ‘frob’ with the cursor over the ‘b’, then point is between the ‘o’ and the ‘b’. If you insert the character ‘!’ at that position, the result is ‘fro!b’, with point between the ‘!’ and the ‘b’. Thus, the cursor remains over the ‘b’, as before.

如果您在 Emacs 中编辑多个文件，每个文件都在自己的缓冲区中，每个缓冲区都有自己的 point 值。如果稍后再次显示当前未显示的缓冲区，它会记住其点值。此外，如果缓冲区显示在多个窗口中，则每个窗口都有自己的点值。

If you are editing several files in Emacs, each in its own buffer, each buffer has its own value of point. A buffer that is not currently displayed remembers its value of point if you later display it again. Furthermore, if a buffer is displayed in multiple windows, each of those windows has its own value of point.

有关控制 Emacs 如何显示光标的选项， 请参阅显示光标。

See Displaying the Cursor, for options that control how Emacs displays the cursor.

1.2 回声区

1.2 The Echo Area

帧最底部的线是回波区域。它用于出于各种目的显示少量文本。

The line at the very bottom of the frame is the echo area. It is used to display small amounts of text for various purposes.

回显区域之所以如此命名，是因为它的用途之一是回显，这意味着在您键入时显示多字符命令的字符。单字符命令不会被回显。如果您在命令中间暂停超过一秒，则会回显多字符命令（请参阅按键）。然后，Emacs 会回显到目前为止该命令的所有字符，以提示您执行其余操作。一旦开始回显，命令的其余部分将在您键入时立即回显。此行为旨在为自信的用户提供快速响应，同时为犹豫的用户提供最大的反馈。

The echo area is so-named because one of the things it is used for is echoing, which means displaying the characters of a multi-character command as you type. Single-character commands are not echoed. Multi-character commands (see Keys) are echoed if you pause for more than a second in the middle of a command. Emacs then echoes all the characters of the command so far, to prompt you for the rest. Once echoing has started, the rest of the command echoes immediately as you type it. This behavior is designed to give confident users fast response, while giving hesitant users maximum feedback.

当命令无法完成其工作时，回显区域还用于显示错误消息。错误消息可能会伴随蜂鸣声或屏幕闪烁。

The echo area is also used to display an error message when a command cannot do its job. Error messages may be accompanied by beeping or by flashing the screen.

某些命令会在回显区域中显示信息性消息，告诉您该命令执行了哪些操作，或者为您提供一些特定信息。与错误消息不同，这些信息性消息不会伴随蜂鸣声或闪烁。例如，C-x = （按住Ctrl并键入x，然后松开Ctrl并键入=）将显示一条消息，描述当前位置的字符、其在缓冲区中的位置以及其在窗口中的当前列。需要很长时间的命令通常会显示以 ' 结尾的消息...' 当他们工作时（有时也表明已经取得了多少进展，以百分比表示），并添加 '完毕’当他们完成时。

Some commands display informative messages in the echo area to tell you what the command has done, or to provide you with some specific information. These informative messages, unlike error messages, are not accompanied with a beep or flash. For example, C-x = (hold down Ctrl and type x, then let go of Ctrl and type =) displays a message describing the character at point, its position in the buffer, and its current column in the window. Commands that take a long time often display messages ending in ‘...’ while they are working (sometimes also indicating how much progress has been made, as a percentage), and add ‘done’ when they are finished.

信息性回显区域消息保存在名为 *留言*。 （我们还没有解释缓冲区；有关它们的更多信息，请参阅 使用多个缓冲区。）如果您错过了屏幕上短暂出现的消息，您可以切换到 *留言*缓冲以再次查看它。这*留言* 缓冲区仅限于一定数量的行，由变量指定message-log-max。 （我们也没有解释变量；有关它们的更多信息，请参阅变量。）超出此限制，每当在末尾添加新消息行时，就会从开头删除一行。

Informative echo area messages are saved in a special buffer named *Messages*. (We have not explained buffers yet; see Using Multiple Buffers, for more information about them.) If you miss a message that appeared briefly on the screen, you can switch to the *Messages* buffer to see it again. The *Messages* buffer is limited to a certain number of lines, specified by the variable message-log-max. (We have not explained variables either; see Variables, for more information about them.) Beyond this limit, one line is deleted from the beginning whenever a new message line is added at the end.

请参阅Customization of Display，了解控制 Emacs 如何使用回显区域的选项。

See Customization of Display, for options that control how Emacs uses the echo area.

回显区域还用于显示 minibuffer ，这是一个特殊窗口，您可以在其中输入命令参数，例如要编辑的文件的名称。当使用迷你缓冲区时，回显区域中显示的文本以提示字符串开头，并且活动光标出现在迷你缓冲区内，暂时将其视为所选窗口。您始终可以通过输入来退出迷你缓冲区C-g。请参阅迷你缓冲区。

The echo area is also used to display the minibuffer, a special window where you can input arguments to commands, such as the name of a file to be edited. When the minibuffer is in use, the text displayed in the echo area begins with a prompt string, and the active cursor appears within the minibuffer, which is temporarily considered the selected window. You can always get out of the minibuffer by typing C-g. See The Minibuffer.

1.3 模式线

1.3 The Mode Line

每个窗口的底部都有一个模式行，它描述了当前缓冲区中发生的情况。当只有一个窗口时，模式线出现在回波区域的正上方；它是帧中的倒数第二行。在图形显示上，模式线以 3D 框外观绘制。 Emacs 通常还会使用与未选定窗口不同的颜色来绘制选定窗口的模式线，以使其脱颖而出。

At the bottom of each window is a mode line, which describes what is going on in the current buffer. When there is only one window, the mode line appears right above the echo area; it is the next-to-last line in the frame. On a graphical display, the mode line is drawn with a 3D box appearance. Emacs also usually draws the mode line of the selected window with a different color from that of unselected windows, in order to make it stand out.

模式行中显示的文本具有以下格式：

The text displayed in the mode line has the following format:

 cs : ch - fr   buf       pos  line    (大调 小调)

 cs:ch-fr  buf      pos line   (major minor)

在文本终端上，该文本后跟一系列延伸到窗口右边缘的破折号。这些破折号在图形显示上被省略。

On a text terminal, this text is followed by a series of dashes extending to the right edge of the window. These dashes are omitted on a graphical display.

cs字符串及其后面的冒号字符描述了当前缓冲区使用的字符集和换行符约定。通常，Emacs 会自动为您处理这些设置，但有时拥有此信息很有用。

The cs string and the colon character after it describe the character set and newline convention used for the current buffer. Normally, Emacs automatically handles these settings for you, but it is sometimes useful to have this information.

cs描述缓冲区中文本的字符集（请参阅编码系统）。如果是破折号 ('-'），表示没有特殊的字符集处理（行尾约定可能是例外，如下一段所述）。 '=' 表示不进行任何转换，通常用于包含非文本数据的文件。其他字符代表各种 编码系统- 例如，'1' 代表 ISO Latin-1。

cs describes the character set of the text in the buffer (see Coding Systems). If it is a dash (‘-’), that indicates no special character set handling (with the possible exception of end-of-line conventions, described in the next paragraph). ‘=’ means no conversion whatsoever, and is usually used for files containing non-textual data. Other characters represent various coding systems—for example, ‘1’ represents ISO Latin-1.

在文本终端上，cs前面有两个附加字符，用于描述键盘输入和终端输出的编码系统。此外，如果您使用输入法， cs前面会有一个标识输入法的字符串（请参阅输入法）。

On a text terminal, cs is preceded by two additional characters that describe the coding systems for keyboard input and terminal output. Furthermore, if you are using an input method, cs is preceded by a string that identifies the input method (see Input Methods).

cs后面的字符通常是冒号。如果显示不同的字符串，则表明对文件进行编码的重要行结束约定。通常，文件中的文本行由换行符分隔，但有时会使用其他两种约定。 MS-DOS 约定使用回车符后跟换行符；编辑此类文件时，冒号会更改为反斜杠 ('\'） 或者 '（DOS）'，取决于操作系统。较旧的 Macintosh 系统采用的另一种约定是使用回车符而不是换行符。编辑此类文件时，冒号会更改为正斜杠 ('/'） 或者 '（苹果）'。在某些系统上，Emacs 显示 '（Unix）' 而不是使用换行符作为行分隔符的文件的冒号。

The character after cs is usually a colon. If a different string is displayed, that indicates a nontrivial end-of-line convention for encoding a file. Usually, lines of text are separated by newline characters in a file, but two other conventions are sometimes used. The MS-DOS convention uses a carriage return character followed by a linefeed character; when editing such files, the colon changes to either a backslash (‘\’) or ‘(DOS)’, depending on the operating system. Another convention, employed by older Macintosh systems, uses a carriage return character instead of a newline; when editing such files, the colon changes to either a forward slash (‘/’) or ‘(Mac)’. On some systems, Emacs displays ‘(Unix)’ instead of the colon for files that use newline as the line separator.

emacsclient在为（请参阅调用emacsclient）创建的帧上，下一个字符是 '@'。此指示对于作为守护进程运行的 Emacs 进程的框架来说是典型的（请参阅使用 Emacs 作为服务器）。

On frames created for emacsclient (see Invoking emacsclient), the next character is ‘@’. This indication is typical for frames of an Emacs process running as a daemon (see Using Emacs as a Server).

模式行上的下一个元素是ch指示的字符串 。这显示了两个破折号（'--') 如果窗口中显示的缓冲区与磁盘上相应文件的内容相同；即，如果缓冲区未修改。如果缓冲区被修改，它会显示两颗星（'**'）。对于只读缓冲区，它显示 '%*' 如果缓冲区被修改，并且 '%%' 否则。

The next element on the mode line is the string indicated by ch. This shows two dashes (‘--’) if the buffer displayed in the window has the same contents as the corresponding file on the disk; i.e., if the buffer is unmodified. If the buffer is modified, it shows two stars (‘**’). For a read-only buffer, it shows ‘%*’ if the buffer is modified, and ‘%%’ otherwise.

ch之后的字符通常是破折号 ('-'）。但是，如果default-directory（请参阅文件名）当前缓冲区位于远程计算机上，'@而是显示 '。

The character after ch is normally a dash (‘-’). However, if default-directory (see File Names) for the current buffer is on a remote machine, ‘@’ is displayed instead.

fr给出所选框架的名称（请参阅框架和图形显示）。它仅出现在文本终端上。初始框架的名称是 'F1'。

fr gives the selected frame name (see Frames and Graphical Displays). It appears only on text terminals. The initial frame’s name is ‘F1’.

buf是窗口中显示的缓冲区的名称。通常，这与您正在编辑的文件的名称相同。请参阅使用多个缓冲区。

buf is the name of the buffer displayed in the window. Usually, this is the same as the name of a file you are editing. See Using Multiple Buffers.

pos告诉您窗口顶部上方或底部下方是否有其他文本。如果您的缓冲区很小并且所有缓冲区都在窗口中可见，则pos是 '全部'。否则，就是‘顶部'如果您正在查看缓冲区的开头，'机器人' 如果您正在查看缓冲区的末尾，或者 '%​'，其中nn是窗口顶部上方缓冲区的百分比。使用大小指示模式，您还可以显示缓冲区的大小。请参阅可选模式线功能。

pos tells you whether there is additional text above the top of the window, or below the bottom. If your buffer is small and all of it is visible in the window, pos is ‘All’. Otherwise, it is ‘Top’ if you are looking at the beginning of the buffer, ‘Bot’ if you are looking at the end of the buffer, or ‘nn%’, where nn is the percentage of the buffer above the top of the window. With Size Indication mode, you can display the size of the buffer as well. See Optional Mode Line Features.

行是字符 'L' 后跟该点的行号。 （您也可以通过打开列号模式来显示当前列号。请参阅可选模式行功能。）

line is the character ‘L’ followed by the line number at point. (You can display the current column number too, by turning on Column Number mode. See Optional Mode Line Features.)

Major是缓冲区中使用的主要模式的名称。主模式是缓冲区的主要编辑模式，例如Text模式、Lisp模式、C模式等。请参阅主要模式。某些主要模式会在主要模式名称后显示附加信息。例如，编译缓冲区和外壳缓冲区显示子进程的状态。

major is the name of the major mode used in the buffer. A major mode is a principal editing mode for the buffer, such as Text mode, Lisp mode, C mode, and so forth. See Major Modes. Some major modes display additional information after the major mode name. For example, Compilation buffers and Shell buffers display the status of the subprocess.

次要模式是一些已启用的次要模式的列表，这些模式是可选的编辑模式，可在主要模式之上提供附加功能。请参阅次要模式。

minor is a list of some of the enabled minor modes, which are optional editing modes that provide additional features on top of the major mode. See Minor Modes.

有些功能在打开时会与次要模式一起列出，即使它们并不是真正的次要模式。 '狭窄的' 表示正在显示的缓冲区的编辑仅限于其文本的一部分（请参阅缩小范围）。 '定义' 表示当前正在定义键盘宏（请参阅键盘宏）。

Some features are listed together with the minor modes whenever they are turned on, even though they are not really minor modes. ‘Narrow’ means that the buffer being displayed has editing restricted to only a portion of its text (see Narrowing). ‘Def’ means that a keyboard macro is currently being defined (see Keyboard Macros).

此外，如果 Emacs 位于递归编辑级别内，则方括号 ('[…]') 出现在模式周围的括号周围。如果 Emacs 处于另一个递归编辑级别中，则会出现双方括号，依此类推。由于递归编辑级别会全局影响 Emacs，因此每个窗口的模式行中都会出现这样的方括号。请参阅递归编辑级别。

In addition, if Emacs is inside a recursive editing level, square brackets (‘[…]’) appear around the parentheses that surround the modes. If Emacs is in one recursive editing level within another, double square brackets appear, and so on. Since recursive editing levels affect Emacs globally, such square brackets appear in the mode line of every window. See Recursive Editing Levels.

您可以更改模式行的外观及其内容的格式。请参阅可选模式线功能。另外，模式线是鼠标敏感的；单击模式行的不同部分会执行各种命令。请参阅模式行鼠标命令。此外，将鼠标指针悬停在模式行的鼠标敏感部分上方会显示工具提示（请参阅工具提示），其中包含有关可通过单击模式行调用的命令的信息。

You can change the appearance of the mode line as well as the format of its contents. See Optional Mode Line Features. In addition, the mode line is mouse-sensitive; clicking on different parts of the mode line performs various commands. See Mode Line Mouse Commands. Also, hovering the mouse pointer above mouse-sensitive portions of the mode line shows tooltips (see Tooltips) with information about commands you can invoke by clicking on the mode line.

1.4 菜单栏

1.4 The Menu Bar

每个 Emacs 框架的顶部通常都有一个菜单栏，您可以使用它来执行常见操作。没有必要在这里列出它们，因为您自己可以更轻松地看到它们。

Each Emacs frame normally has a menu bar at the top which you can use to perform common operations. There’s no need to list them here, as you can more easily see them yourself.

在支持鼠标的显示器上，您可以使用鼠标从菜单栏中选择命令。菜单项右边缘的箭头表示它指向子菜单或子菜单。 A '...' 位于菜单项末尾意味着该命令将在实际执行任何操作之前提示您进一步输入。

On a display that supports a mouse, you can use the mouse to choose a command from the menu bar. An arrow on the right edge of a menu item means it leads to a subsidiary menu, or submenu. A ‘...’ at the end of a menu item means that the command will prompt you for further input before it actually does anything.

菜单栏中的一些命令也有普通的按键绑定；如果是这样，则在该项目本身之后会显示一个键绑定。要查看菜单项的完整命令名称和文档，请键入 C-h k，然后以通常的方式用鼠标选择菜单栏（请参阅按键文档）。

Some of the commands in the menu bar have ordinary key bindings as well; if so, a key binding is shown after the item itself. To view the full command name and documentation for a menu item, type C-h k, and then select the menu bar with the mouse in the usual way (see Documentation for a Key).

F10您还可以通过按（运行命令）来调用第一个菜单栏项，而不是使用鼠标menu-bar-open。然后，您可以使用箭头键或使用C-b、 C-f（左/右）、C-p和C-n（上/下）浏览菜单。要激活选定的菜单项，请按RET;要取消菜单导航，请按C-g或ESC ESC ESC。 （但是，请注意，当使用 GUI 工具包构建 Emacs 时，菜单是由工具包绘制和控制的，取消菜单导航的按键顺序可能与上述描述不同。）

Instead of using the mouse, you can also invoke the first menu bar item by pressing F10 (to run the command menu-bar-open). You can then navigate the menus with the arrow keys or with C-b, C-f (left/right), C-p, and C-n (up/down). To activate a selected menu item, press RET; to cancel menu navigation, press C-g or ESC ESC ESC. (However, note that when Emacs was built with a GUI toolkit, the menus are drawn and controlled by the toolkit, and the key sequences to cancel menu navigation might be different from the above description.)

在文本终端上，您可以选择访问回显区域中的菜单栏菜单。为此，将变量自定义 tty-menu-open-use-tmm为非值nil。然后键入 F10将运行命令tmm-menubar而不是下拉菜单。 （您也可以键入M-`，它始终会调用 tmm-menubar。） tmm-menubar让您可以使用键盘选择菜单项。临时选择出现在回显区域中。您可以使用向上和向下箭头键在菜单中移动到不同的项目，然后您可以键入RET以选择该项目。每个菜单项也由字母或数字指定（通常是项目名称中某个单词的首字母）。该字母或数字与项目名称之间用 ' 分隔==>'。您可以输入项目的字母或数字来选择项目。

On a text terminal, you can optionally access the menu-bar menus in the echo area. To this end, customize the variable tty-menu-open-use-tmm to a non-nil value. Then typing F10 will run the command tmm-menubar instead of dropping down the menu. (You can also type M-`, which always invokes tmm-menubar.) tmm-menubar lets you select a menu item with the keyboard. A provisional choice appears in the echo area. You can use the up and down arrow keys to move through the menu to different items, and then you can type RET to select the item. Each menu item is also designated by a letter or digit (usually the initial of some word in the item’s name). This letter or digit is separated from the item name by ‘==>’. You can type the item’s letter or digit to select the item.

8.1 插入文本

8.1 Inserting Text

您可以插入普通图形字符（例如，'A','乙','3'， 和 '=') 通过键入关联的键。这会将字符添加到缓冲区中的点。插入将点向前移动，以便该点保留在插入的文本后面。参见点。

You can insert an ordinary graphic character (e.g., ‘a’, ‘B’, ‘3’, and ‘=’) by typing the associated key. This adds the character to the buffer at point. Insertion moves point forward, so that point remains just after the inserted text. See Point.

要结束一行并开始新一行，请键入RET( newline)。 （该RET键可能在键盘上标记为Return、 或Enter，或 并带有一个看起来很滑稽的向左箭头，但我们RET在本手册中是这样称呼它的。）此命令将换行符插入到缓冲区中，然后缩进（请参阅缩进）根据主要模式。如果 point 位于行尾，则效果是在其后创建一个新的空行并缩进新行；如果点位于一条线的中间，则该线在该位置被分割。要关闭自动缩进，您可以禁用电动缩进模式（请参阅缩进的便利功能）或键入C-j，这将仅插入换行符，而无需任何自动缩进。

To end a line and start a new one, type RET (newline). (The RET key may be labeled Return, or Enter, or with a funny-looking left-pointing arrow on your keyboard, but we refer to it as RET in this manual.) This command inserts a newline character into the buffer, then indents (see Indentation) according to the major mode. If point is at the end of the line, the effect is to create a new blank line after it and indent the new line; if point is in the middle of a line, the line is split at that position. To turn off the auto-indentation, you can either disable Electric Indent mode (see Convenience Features for Indentation) or type C-j, which inserts just a newline, without any auto-indentation.

正如我们在本手册后面所解释的，您可以通过打开次要模式来更改 Emacs 处理文本插入的方式。例如，称为自动填充模式的次要模式会在行太长时自动分割行（请参阅填充文本）。称为覆盖模式的次要模式会导致插入的字符替换（覆盖）现有文本，而不是将其推到右侧。请参阅次要模式。

As we explain later in this manual, you can change the way Emacs handles text insertion by turning on minor modes. For instance, the minor mode called Auto Fill mode splits lines automatically when they get too long (see Filling Text). The minor mode called Overwrite mode causes inserted characters to replace (overwrite) existing text, instead of shoving it to the right. See Minor Modes.

通过键入相关键只能插入图形字符；其他键充当编辑命令并且不会自行插入。例如， 默认DEL运行命令（某些模式将其绑定到不同的命令）；delete-backward-char它不会插入文字 '德尔' 字符（ASCII字符代码 127）。

Only graphic characters can be inserted by typing the associated key; other keys act as editing commands and do not insert themselves. For instance, DEL runs the command delete-backward-char by default (some modes bind it to a different command); it does not insert a literal ‘DEL’ character (ASCII character code 127).

要插入非图形字符或键盘不支持的字符，请首先键入 ( ) 将其引用。有两种使用方法： C-qquoted-insertC-q

To insert a non-graphic character, or a character that your keyboard does not support, first quote it by typing C-q (quoted-insert). There are two ways to use C-q:

• C-q后跟任何非图形字符（甚至C-g）插入该字符。例如，插入文字 'C-q DEL德尔' 特点。
• C-q followed by any non-graphic character (even C-g) inserts that character. For instance, C-q DEL inserts a literal ‘DEL’ character.
• C-q后跟八进制数字序列插入具有指定八进制字符代码的字符。您可以使用任意数量的八进制数字；任何非数字都会终止序列。如果终止字符是RET，则RET仅用于终止序列。任何其他非数字都会终止序列，然后充当正常输入 - 因此，C-q 1 0 1 B插入 'AB'。

  在普通非二进制覆盖模式下禁用八进制序列的使用，以便为您提供一种方便的方法来插入数字而不是用它进行覆盖。

• C-q followed by a sequence of octal digits inserts the character with the specified octal character code. You can use any number of octal digits; any non-digit terminates the sequence. If the terminating character is RET, that RET serves only to terminate the sequence. Any other non-digit terminates the sequence and then acts as normal input—thus, C-q 1 0 1 B inserts ‘AB’.

  The use of octal sequences is disabled in ordinary non-binary Overwrite mode, to give you a convenient way to insert a digit instead of overwriting with it.

要使用十进制或十六进制代替八进制，请将变量设置 read-quoted-char-radix为 10 或 16。如果基数为 16，则字母a将f用作字符代码的一部分，就像数字一样。大小写被忽略。

To use decimal or hexadecimal instead of octal, set the variable read-quoted-char-radix to 10 or 16. If the radix is 16, the letters a to f serve as part of a character code, just like digits. Case is ignored.

可以通过以 开头的命令插入一些常见的 Unicode 字符C-x 8。例如，C-x 8 [插入‘ Unicode 代码点 U+2018左单引号，有时称为左单“弯引号”或“弯引号”。同样，C-x 8 ]、C-x 8 {和分别C-x 8 }插入弯曲引号’、“和”。此外，工作 Alt键的作用类似于C-x 8（除非后面跟着RET）；例如，A-[行为类似于C-x 8 [并插入‘。要查看哪些字符有C-x 8简写，请输入C-x 8 C-h。

A few common Unicode characters can be inserted via a command starting with C-x 8. For example, C-x 8 [ inserts ‘ which is Unicode code-point U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK, sometimes called a left single “curved quote” or “curly quote”. Similarly, C-x 8 ], C-x 8 { and C-x 8 } insert the curved quotes ’, “ and ”, respectively. Also, a working Alt key acts like C-x 8 (unless followed by RET); e.g., A-[ acts like C-x 8 [ and inserts ‘. To see which characters have C-x 8 shorthands, type C-x 8 C-h.

或者，您可以使用命令 ( )。这将提示使用迷你缓冲区输入字符的 Unicode 名称或代码点。如果您输入名称，该命令会提供补全（请参阅补全）。如果输入代码点，它应该是十六进制数字（Unicode 的约定），或具有指定基数的数字，例如 （八进制）；请参阅Emacs Lisp 参考手册中的整数基础知识。然后该命令将相应的字符插入到缓冲区中。 C-x 8 RETinsert-char#o23072

Alternatively, you can use the command C-x 8 RET (insert-char). This prompts for the Unicode name or code-point of a character, using the minibuffer. If you enter a name, the command provides completion (see Completion). If you enter a code-point, it should be as a hexadecimal number (the convention for Unicode), or a number with a specified radix, e.g., #o23072 (octal); See Integer Basics in The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. The command then inserts the corresponding character into the buffer.

例如，以下都插入相同的字符：

For example, the following all insert the same character:

C-x 8 RET left single quotation mark RET
C-x 8 RET left sin TAB RET
C-x 8 RET 2018 RET
C-x 8 [
A-[  （如果 Alt 键有效）
`    （在电子报价模式下）

C-x 8 RET left single quotation mark RET
C-x 8 RET left sin TAB RET
C-x 8 RET 2018 RET
C-x 8 [
A-[  (if the Alt key works)
`    (in Electric Quote mode)

C-q或的数字参数C-x 8 ...指定要插入的字符的数量（请参阅数字参数）。

A numeric argument to C-q or C-x 8 ... specifies how many copies of the character to insert (see Numeric Arguments).

作为 的替代方法C-x 8，您可以通过键入 来选择相应的瞬时输入法，然后通过键入暂时激活该瞬时输入法 将插入相同的字符（请参阅瞬时输入法）。 C-u C-x \ iso-transl RETC-x \ [‘

As an alternative to C-x 8, you can select the corresponding transient input method by typing C-u C-x \ iso-transl RET, then temporarily activating this transient input method by typing C-x \ [ will insert the same character ‘ (see transient input method).

此外，在某些上下文中，如果您使用重音符号和撇号键入引文，即使没有命令，它也会转换为使用单引号的`like this'形式 。同样，使用双重音符号和撇号键入引文会将其转换为使用双引号的形式。请参阅引号。 ‘like this’C-x 8``like this''“like this”

In addition, in some contexts, if you type a quotation using grave accent and apostrophe `like this', it is converted to a form ‘like this’ using single quotation marks, even without C-x 8 commands. Similarly, typing a quotation ``like this'' using double grave accent and apostrophe converts it to a form “like this” using double quotation marks. See Quotation Marks.

8.2 改变点的位置

8.2 Changing the Location of Point

除了插入字符之外，您还必须知道如何移动点（请参阅Point）。键盘命令C-f、C-b、 C-n和C-p分别向右、向左、向下和向上移动光标。您还可以使用 大多数键盘上的箭头键RIGHT移动点： 、LEFT、 DOWN和UP；然而，许多 Emacs 用户发现使用箭头键比使用控制键慢，因为您需要将手移到这些键所在的键盘区域。

To do more than insert characters, you have to know how to move point (see Point). The keyboard commands C-f, C-b, C-n, and C-p move point to the right, left, down, and up, respectively. You can also move point using the arrow keys present on most keyboards: RIGHT, LEFT, DOWN, and UP; however, many Emacs users find that it is slower to use the arrow keys than the control keys, because you need to move your hand to the area of the keyboard where those keys are located.

您也可以单击鼠标左键将点移动到单击的位置。 Emacs 还提供了各种附加的键盘命令，可以以更复杂的方式移动点。

You can also click the left mouse button to move point to the position clicked. Emacs also provides a variety of additional keyboard commands that move point in more sophisticated ways.

C-f¶

C-f ¶

向前移动一个字符 ( forward-char)。

Move forward one character (forward-char).

RIGHT¶

RIGHT ¶

此命令 ( right-char) 的行为类似于C-f，但点位于从右到左的段落中时除外（请参阅双向编辑）。

This command (right-char) behaves like C-f, except when point is in a right-to-left paragraph (see Bidirectional Editing).

C-b¶

C-b ¶

向后移动一个字符 ( backward-char)。

Move backward one character (backward-char).

LEFT¶

LEFT ¶

此命令 ( left-char) 的行为类似于C-b，除非当前段落是从右到左的（请参阅双向编辑）。

This command (left-char) behaves like C-b, except if the current paragraph is right-to-left (see Bidirectional Editing).

C-n¶

C-n ¶

DOWN

DOWN

向下移动一屏行 ( next-line)。此命令尝试保持水平位置不变，因此如果您从一行的中间开始，则会移动到下一行的中间。

Move down one screen line (next-line). This command attempts to keep the horizontal position unchanged, so if you start in the middle of one line, you move to the middle of the next.

C-p¶

C-p ¶

UP

UP

向上移动一屏行 ( previous-line)。此命令保留行内的位置，例如C-n.

Move up one screen line (previous-line). This command preserves position within the line, like C-n.

C-a¶

C-a ¶

Home

Home

移至行首 ( move-beginning-of-line)。

Move to the beginning of the line (move-beginning-of-line).

C-e¶

C-e ¶

End

End

移至行尾 ( move-end-of-line)。

Move to the end of the line (move-end-of-line).

M-f

M-f

向前移动一个字（forward-word）。见词。

Move forward one word (forward-word). See Words.

C-RIGHT¶

C-RIGHT ¶

M-RIGHT

M-RIGHT

此命令 ( right-word) 的行为类似于M-f，但如果当前段落是从右向左排列，则该命令会向后移动一个单词。请参阅双向编辑。

This command (right-word) behaves like M-f, except it moves backward by one word if the current paragraph is right-to-left. See Bidirectional Editing.

M-b

M-b

向后移动一个字（backward-word）。见词。

Move backward one word (backward-word). See Words.

C-LEFT¶

C-LEFT ¶

M-LEFT

M-LEFT

此命令 ( left-word) 的行为类似于M-b，但如果当前段落是从右向左排列，则该命令会向前移动一个单词。请参阅双向编辑。

This command (left-word) behaves like M-b, except it moves forward by one word if the current paragraph is right-to-left. See Bidirectional Editing.

M-r¶

M-r ¶

不移动屏幕上的文本，将点重新定位到窗口最中心文本行的左边距；在随后的连续调用中，将点按循环顺序移动到最顶行、最底行等的左边距 ( move-to-window-line-top-bottom)。

数字参数表示将点放置在哪一行屏幕上，从窗口顶部向下计数（零表示顶行）。负参数从底部开始计算行数（-1 表示底部行）。有关数字参数的更多信息， 请参阅数字参数。

Without moving the text on the screen, reposition point on the left margin of the center-most text line of the window; on subsequent consecutive invocations, move point to the left margin of the top-most line, the bottom-most line, and so forth, in cyclic order (move-to-window-line-top-bottom).

A numeric argument says which screen line to place point on, counting downward from the top of the window (zero means the top line). A negative argument counts lines up from the bottom (−1 means the bottom line). See Numeric Arguments, for more information on numeric arguments.

M-<¶

M-< ¶

移至缓冲区顶部 ( beginning-of-buffer)。使用数字参数n ，从顶部移至n /10。在图形显示上，执行相同的操作。 C-HOME

Move to the top of the buffer (beginning-of-buffer). With numeric argument n, move to n/10 of the way from the top. On graphical displays, C-HOME does the same.

M->¶

M-> ¶

移至缓冲区末尾 ( end-of-buffer)。在图形显示上，执行相同的操作。 C-END

Move to the end of the buffer (end-of-buffer). On graphical displays, C-END does the same.

C-v¶

C-v ¶

PageDown

PageDown

next

next

将显示屏向前滚动一屏，并根据需要移动屏幕上的点 ( scroll-up-command)。请参阅滚动。

Scroll the display one screen forward, and move point onscreen if necessary (scroll-up-command). See Scrolling.

M-v¶

M-v ¶

PageUp

PageUp

prior

prior

向后滚动一屏幕，并根据需要移动屏幕上的点 ( scroll-down-command)。请参阅滚动。

Scroll one screen backward, and move point onscreen if necessary (scroll-down-command). See Scrolling.

M-g c¶

M-g c ¶

读取数字n并将指针移动到缓冲区位置n。位置 1 是缓冲区的开头。如果 point 位于缓冲区中的数字上或紧随其后，则这是n的默认值。只需输入RET迷你缓冲区即可使用它。您还可以 通过给出数字前缀参数 来指定n 。M-g c

Read a number n and move point to buffer position n. Position 1 is the beginning of the buffer. If point is on or just after a number in the buffer, that is the default for n. Just type RET in the minibuffer to use it. You can also specify n by giving M-g c a numeric prefix argument.

M-g M-g¶

M-g M-g ¶

M-g g

M-g g

读取数字n并将指针移动到第n行的开头 ( goto-line)。第 1 行是缓冲区的开始。如果 point 位于缓冲区中的数字上或紧随其后，则这是n的默认值。只需输入RET迷你缓冲区即可使用它。您还可以通过给出数字前缀参数来指定nM-g M-g 。请参阅创建和选择缓冲区M-g M-g，了解当您为其提供普通前缀参数时的行为。或者，您可以使用该命令 goto-line-relative将点移动到相对于缩小缓冲区的可访问部分的行。

goto-line有自己的历史列表（参见Minibuffer History）。通过自定义用户选项，您可以在所有缓冲区之间共享一个列表（默认），也可以为每个缓冲区创建一个单独的列表goto-line-history-local。

Read a number n and move point to the beginning of line number n (goto-line). Line 1 is the beginning of the buffer. If point is on or just after a number in the buffer, that is the default for n. Just type RET in the minibuffer to use it. You can also specify n by giving M-g M-g a numeric prefix argument. See Creating and Selecting Buffers, for the behavior of M-g M-g when you give it a plain prefix argument. Alternatively, you can use the command goto-line-relative to move point to the line relative to the accessible portion of the narrowed buffer.

goto-line has its own history list (see Minibuffer History). You can have either a single list shared between all buffers (the default) or a separate list for each buffer, by customizing the user option goto-line-history-local.

M-g TAB¶

M-g TAB ¶

读取数字n并移至当前行中的第n列。第 0 列是最左边的列。如果使用前缀参数调用，则移动到参数数值指定的列号。

Read a number n and move to column n in the current line. Column 0 is the leftmost column. If called with a prefix argument, move to the column number specified by the argument’s numeric value.

C-x C-n¶

C-x C-n ¶

使用点的当前列作为当前缓冲区中的半永久目标列 （ ）。set-goal-column当半永久球门柱生效时，C-n、C-p、<prior>并 <next>在垂直移动后始终尝试移至该柱，或尽可能靠近该柱。目标栏在取消之前一直有效。

Use the current column of point as the semipermanent goal column (set-goal-column) in the current buffer. When a semipermanent goal column is in effect, C-n, C-p, <prior> and <next> always try to move to this column, or as close as possible to it, after moving vertically. The goal column remains in effect until canceled.

C-u C-x C-n

C-u C-x C-n

取消目标栏。从今以后，C-n像C-p往常一样，尽量保持水平位置。

Cancel the goal column. Henceforth, C-n and C-p try to preserve the horizontal position, as usual.

当缓冲区中的一行文本比窗口的宽度长时，Emacs 通常将其显示在两条或更多条屏幕线（也称为视觉线）上。为了方便起见，C-n可以C-p 按屏幕线移动点，就像等效键down 和一样up。您可以通过将变量设置为;来强制这些命令根据 逻辑行（即根据缓冲区中的文本行）移动。如果逻辑行占用多个屏幕行，则光标会跳过其他屏幕行。有关详细信息，请参阅延续线。请参阅变量，了解如何设置变量，例如 . line-move-visualnilline-move-visual

When a line of text in the buffer is longer than the width of the window, Emacs usually displays it on two or more screen lines, a.k.a. visual lines. For convenience, C-n and C-p move point by screen lines, as do the equivalent keys down and up. You can force these commands to move according to logical lines (i.e., according to the text lines in the buffer) by setting the variable line-move-visual to nil; if a logical line occupies multiple screen lines, the cursor then skips over the additional screen lines. For details, see Continuation Lines. See Variables, for how to set variables such as line-move-visual.

C-n与和不同C-p，大多数作用于行的 Emacs 命令作用于逻辑行。例如，C-a ( move-beginning-of-line) 和C-e ( move-end-of-line) 分别移动到逻辑行的开头和结尾。每当我们遇到在屏幕行上运行的命令（例如C-n和 ）时C-p，我们都会指出这些命令。

Unlike C-n and C-p, most of the Emacs commands that work on lines work on logical lines. For instance, C-a (move-beginning-of-line) and C-e (move-end-of-line) respectively move to the beginning and end of the logical line. Whenever we encounter commands that work on screen lines, such as C-n and C-p, we will point these out.

当line-move-visual是时nil，您还可以将变量设置track-eol为非值nil。然后C-n 和C-p，当从逻辑行末尾开始时，移动到下一个逻辑行末尾。通常情况下，track-eol是 nil.

When line-move-visual is nil, you can also set the variable track-eol to a non-nil value. Then C-n and C-p, when starting at the end of the logical line, move to the end of the next logical line. Normally, track-eol is nil.

C-n当您在缓冲区的最后一行使用它时，通常会在缓冲区的末尾停止。但是，如果将变量设置 next-line-add-newlines为非值nil，则C-n缓冲区的最后一行会在末尾创建一个附加行并向下移动到其中。

C-n normally stops at the end of the buffer when you use it on the last line in the buffer. However, if you set the variable next-line-add-newlines to a non-nil value, C-n on the last line of a buffer creates an additional line at the end and moves down into it.

8.3 擦除文本

8.3 Erasing Text

DEL

DEL

BACKSPACE

BACKSPACE

删除点之前的字符，或者如果区域处于活动状态 ( delete-backward-char)，则删除该区域。

Delete the character before point, or the region if it is active (delete-backward-char).

Delete

Delete

删除点后的字符，或区域（如果其处于活动状态）( delete-forward-char)。

Delete the character after point, or the region if it is active (delete-forward-char).

C-d

C-d

删除( )点之后的字符delete-char。

Delete the character after point (delete-char).

C-k

C-k

杀到行尾 ( kill-line)。

Kill to the end of the line (kill-line).

M-d

M-d

向前杀到下一个单词的末尾 ( kill-word)。

Kill forward to the end of the next word (kill-word).

M-DEL

M-DEL

M-BACKSPACE

M-BACKSPACE

杀回上一个单词的开头 ( backward-kill-word)。

Kill back to the beginning of the previous word (backward-kill-word).

DEL( )命令delete-backward-char删除 point 之前的字符，同时向后移动光标及其后面的字符。如果 point 位于一行的开头，则会删除前面的换行符，将该行连接到上一行。

The DEL (delete-backward-char) command removes the character before point, moving the cursor and the characters after it backwards. If point was at the beginning of a line, this deletes the preceding newline, joining this line to the previous one.

但是，如果该区域处于活动状态，DEL则删除该区域中的文本。有关区域的描述， 请参阅标记和区域。

If, however, the region is active, DEL instead deletes the text in the region. See The Mark and the Region, for a description of the region.

在大多数键盘上，DEL标记为，但我们在本手册中BACKSPACE引用它。 DEL（不要DEL 与Delete键混淆；我们将Delete立即讨论。）在某些文本终端上，Emacs 可能无法DEL正确识别该键。如果您遇到此问题， 请参阅如果DEL删除失败。

On most keyboards, DEL is labeled BACKSPACE, but we refer to it as DEL in this manual. (Do not confuse DEL with the Delete key; we will discuss Delete momentarily.) On some text terminals, Emacs may not recognize the DEL key properly. See If DEL Fails to Delete, if you encounter this problem.

Delete( )命令delete-forward-char的删除方向相反：删除点之后的字符，即光标下的字符。如果点位于一行的末尾，则会将下一行连接到这一行上。与 一样DEL，如果该区域处于活动状态，它会删除该区域中的文本（请参阅标记和区域）。

The Delete (delete-forward-char) command deletes in the opposite direction: it deletes the character after point, i.e., the character under the cursor. If point was at the end of a line, this joins the following line onto this one. Like DEL, it deletes the text in the region if the region is active (see The Mark and the Region).

C-d( delete-char) 删除点之后的字符，与 类似Delete，但无论该区域是否处于活动状态。

C-d (delete-char) deletes the character after point, similar to Delete, but regardless of whether the region is active.

有关上述删除命令的更多详细信息， 请参阅删除。

See Deletion, for more detailed information about the above deletion commands.

C-k( kill-line) 一次擦除（删除）一行。如果您C-k在行首或中间键入，则会删除直到行尾的所有文本。如果您C-k在一行末尾键入，则会将该行与下一行连接起来。

C-k (kill-line) erases (kills) a line at a time. If you type C-k at the beginning or middle of a line, it kills all the text up to the end of the line. If you type C-k at the end of a line, it joins that line with the following line.

有关命令和相关命令的 更多信息，请参阅删除和移动文本。C-k

See Killing and Moving Text, for more information about C-k and related commands.

8.4 撤销更改

8.4 Undoing Changes

C-/

C-/

C-x u

C-x u

C-_

C-_

撤消撤消记录中的一项——通常一个命令值 ( undo)。 （第一个键在文本模式显示器上可能不可用。）

Undo one entry of the undo records—usually, one command worth (undo). (The first key might be unavailable on text-mode displays.)

Emacs 记录缓冲区文本中所做更改的列表，以便您可以撤消最近的更改。这是使用undo绑定到C-/(以及C-x u和C-_) 的命令完成的。通常，此命令会撤消上次更改，将点移回更改前的位置。撤消命令仅适用于缓冲区中的更改；您不能使用它来撤消光标移动。

Emacs records a list of changes made in the buffer text, so you can undo recent changes. This is done using the undo command, which is bound to C-/ (as well as C-x u and C-_). Normally, this command undoes the last change, moving point back to where it was before the change. The undo command applies only to changes in the buffer; you can’t use it to undo cursor motion.

在支持所有其他键上的修饰符的终端上Control，最简单的调用方法undo是 with C-/，因为它不需要Shift修饰符。在只允许 ASCII 控制字符的终端上，C-/不存在，但对于许多终端来说C-/仍然有效，因为它实际上发送C-_ 到 Emacs，而许多其他终端允许您Shift在键入时省略修饰符C-_（实际上是按C--），这使得它成为最有效的选择。方便的调用方式undo。

On a terminal that supports the Control modifier on all other keys, the easiest way to invoke undo is with C-/, since that doesn’t need the Shift modifier. On terminals which allow only the ASCII control characters, C-/ does not exist, but for many of them C-/ still works because it actually sends C-_ to Emacs, while many others allow you to omit the Shift modifier when you type C-_ (in effect pressing C--), making that the most convenient way to invoke undo.

虽然每个编辑命令通常在撤消记录中生成单独的条目，但是非常简单的命令可以组合在一起。有时，一个条目可能只涵盖复杂命令的一部分。

Although each editing command usually makes a separate entry in the undo records, very simple commands may be grouped together. Sometimes, an entry may cover just part of a complex command.

如果重复C-/（或其别名），则每次重复都会撤消另一个较早的更改，回到可用撤消信息的限制。如果所有记录的更改均已撤消，则撤消命令将显示一条错误消息并且不执行任何操作。

If you repeat C-/ (or its aliases), each repetition undoes another, earlier change, back to the limit of the undo information available. If all recorded changes have already been undone, the undo command displays an error message and does nothing.

要了解有关该undo命令的更多信息，请参阅撤消。

To learn more about the undo command, see Undo.

8.5 文件

8.5 Files

您插入 Emacs 缓冲区中的文本仅持续与 Emacs 会话一样长的时间。要永久保留任何文本，您必须将其放入文件 中。

Text that you insert in an Emacs buffer lasts only as long as the Emacs session. To keep any text permanently, you must put it in a file.

假设有一个文件名为测试.emacs在你的主目录中。要开始在 Emacs 中编辑此文件，请输入

Suppose there is a file named test.emacs in your home directory. To begin editing this file in Emacs, type

Cx Cf test.emacsRET

C-x C-f test.emacs RET

这里文件名作为命令( ) 的参数给出。该命令使用迷你缓冲区来读取参数，然后您键入以终止该参数（请参阅迷你缓冲区）。 C-x C-ffind-fileRET

Here the file name is given as an argument to the command C-x C-f (find-file). That command uses the minibuffer to read the argument, and you type RET to terminate the argument (see The Minibuffer).

Emacs 通过访问文件来遵守此命令：它创建一个缓冲区，将文件的内容复制到缓冲区中，然后显示缓冲区以进行编辑。如果更改文本，可以 通过键入 ( ) 将新文本保存在文件中。这会将更改的缓冲区内容复制回文件中C-x C-ssave-buffer测试.emacs，使它们永久化。在保存之前，更改的文本仅存在于 Emacs 内部，并且该文件 测试.emacs是不变的。

Emacs obeys this command by visiting the file: it creates a buffer, copies the contents of the file into the buffer, and then displays the buffer for editing. If you alter the text, you can save the new text in the file by typing C-x C-s (save-buffer). This copies the altered buffer contents back into the file test.emacs, making them permanent. Until you save, the changed text exists only inside Emacs, and the file test.emacs is unaltered.

要创建文件，只需访问它，C-x C-f就像它已经存在一样。这将创建一个空缓冲区，您可以在其中插入要放入文件中的文本。 Emacs 实际上会在您第一次使用C-x C-s.

To create a file, just visit it with C-x C-f as if it already existed. This creates an empty buffer, in which you can insert the text you want to put in the file. Emacs actually creates the file the first time you save this buffer with C-x C-s.

要了解有关在 Emacs 中使用文件的更多信息，请参阅文件处理。

To learn more about using files in Emacs, see File Handling.

8.6 帮助

8.6 Help

C-h k如果您忘记某个键的用途，可以通过键入( describe-key)，然后输入您感兴趣的键来查找；例如，C-h k C-n告诉您C-n做什么。

If you forget what a key does, you can find out by typing C-h k (describe-key), followed by the key of interest; for example, C-h k C-n tells you what C-n does.

前缀键C-h代表“帮助”。该密钥F1 用作 的别名C-h。除了 之外C-h k，还有许多其他帮助命令提供不同类型的帮助。

The prefix key C-h stands for “help”. The key F1 serves as an alias for C-h. Apart from C-h k, there are many other help commands providing different kinds of help.

有关详细信息，请参阅帮助。

See Help, for details.

8.7 空行

8.7 Blank Lines

以下是插入和删除空行的特殊命令和技术。

Here are special commands and techniques for inserting and deleting blank lines.

C-o

C-o

在光标后插入一个空行 ( open-line)。

Insert a blank line after the cursor (open-line).

C-x C-o

C-x C-o

删除许多连续空白行 ( ) 中的所有空白行 ( delete-blank-lines)。

Delete all but one of many consecutive blank lines (delete-blank-lines).

我们已经了解了RET( newline) 如何开始新的一行文本。但是，如果您首先创建一个空行，然后在其中插入所需的文本，可能会更容易看到您在做什么。使用C-o( )键可以轻松完成此操作open-line，该键在 point 之后插入换行符，但在换行符前面保留 point。之后C-o，键入新行的文本。

We have seen how RET (newline) starts a new line of text. However, it may be easier to see what you are doing if you first make a blank line and then insert the desired text into it. This is easy to do using the key C-o (open-line), which inserts a newline after point but leaves point in front of the newline. After C-o, type the text for the new line.

您可以通过C-o多次键入或给它一个数字参数来指定要创建的空行数来创建多个空行。请参阅数字参数了解具体方法。如果您有填充前缀，则该C-o 命令会在新行上插入填充前缀（如果在行首键入）。请参阅填充前缀。

You can make several blank lines by typing C-o several times, or by giving it a numeric argument specifying how many blank lines to make. See Numeric Arguments, for how. If you have a fill prefix, the C-o command inserts the fill prefix on the new line, if typed at the beginning of a line. See The Fill Prefix.

删除多余空行的简单方法是使用命令 C-x C-o( delete-blank-lines)。如果点位于一系列空行内，则C-x C-o删除除其中一个空行之外的所有空行。如果点位于单个空行上，C-x C-o则将其删除。如果点位于非空行上，C-x C-o则删除所有后续空行（如果存在）。

The easy way to get rid of extra blank lines is with the command C-x C-o (delete-blank-lines). If point lies within a run of several blank lines, C-x C-o deletes all but one of them. If point is on a single blank line, C-x C-o deletes it. If point is on a nonblank line, C-x C-o deletes all following blank lines, if any exists.

8.8 延续线

8.8 Continuation Lines

有时，缓冲区中的一行文本（逻辑行）太长，无法容纳在窗口中，Emacs 将其显示为两条或更多条 屏幕线，或可视线。这称为换行或延续，长逻辑行称为 续行。在图形显示上，Emacs 在左右窗口边缘用小弯曲箭头指示换行。在文本终端上，Emacs 通过显示 ' 来指示换行\' 字符位于右边距。

Sometimes, a line of text in the buffer—a logical line—is too long to fit in the window, and Emacs displays it as two or more screen lines, or visual lines. This is called line wrapping or continuation, and the long logical line is called a continued line. On a graphical display, Emacs indicates line wrapping with small bent arrows in the left and right window fringes. On a text terminal, Emacs indicates line wrapping by displaying a ‘\’ character at the right margin.

大多数作用于行的命令作用于逻辑行，而不是屏幕行。例如，C-k杀死一条逻辑线。如前所述，C-n( next-line) 和C-p ( previous-line) 是特殊例外：它们分别将点向下和向上移动一行屏幕线（请参阅更改点的位置）。

Most commands that act on lines act on logical lines, not screen lines. For instance, C-k kills a logical line. As described earlier, C-n (next-line) and C-p (previous-line) are special exceptions: they move point down and up, respectively, by one screen line (see Changing the Location of Point).

Emacs 可以选择截断长逻辑行而不是继续它们。这意味着每个逻辑行占用一个屏幕行；如果它比窗口的宽度长，则不显示该行的其余部分。在图形显示上，截断线由右边缘的小直箭头指示；在文本终端上，它由 ' 表示$' 字符位于右边距。请参阅行截断。

Emacs can optionally truncate long logical lines instead of continuing them. This means that every logical line occupies a single screen line; if it is longer than the width of the window, the rest of the line is not displayed. On a graphical display, a truncated line is indicated by a small straight arrow in the right fringe; on a text terminal, it is indicated by a ‘$’ character in the right margin. See Line Truncation.

默认情况下，连续的行会在窗口右边缘换行。由于换行可能发生在单词的中间，因此连续的行可能难以阅读。通常的解决方案是在行变得太长之前通过插入换行符来中断行。如果您愿意，可以使用自动填充模式让 Emacs 在行太长时自动插入换行符。请参阅填充文本。

By default, continued lines are wrapped at the right window edge. Since the wrapping may occur in the middle of a word, continued lines can be difficult to read. The usual solution is to break your lines before they get too long, by inserting newlines. If you prefer, you can make Emacs insert a newline automatically when a line gets too long, by using Auto Fill mode. See Filling Text.

有时，您可能需要编辑包含许多长逻辑行的文件，并且通过添加换行符将它们全部分解可能不切实际。在这种情况下，您可以使用 Visual Line 模式，该模式启用 自动换行：Emacs 不是在窗口右边缘精确换行长行，而是在最靠近窗口右边缘的单词边界（即空格或制表符）处换行。 Visual Line 模式还重新定义了C-a、 C-n、 和等编辑命令，C-k以在屏幕行而不是逻辑行上进行操作。请参见视线模式。

Sometimes, you may need to edit files containing many long logical lines, and it may not be practical to break them all up by adding newlines. In that case, you can use Visual Line mode, which enables word wrapping: instead of wrapping long lines exactly at the right window edge, Emacs wraps them at the word boundaries (i.e., space or tab characters) nearest to the right window edge. Visual Line mode also redefines editing commands such as C-a, C-n, and C-k to operate on screen lines rather than logical lines. See Visual Line Mode.

8.9 光标位置信息

8.9 Cursor Position Information

以下命令用于获取有关缓冲区各部分的大小和位置的信息，以及对字数和行数进行计数。

Here are commands to get information about the size and position of parts of the buffer, and to count words and lines.

M-x what-line

M-x what-line

显示点的行号。

Display the line number of point.

M-x line-number-mode

M-x line-number-mode

M-x column-number-mode

M-x column-number-mode

切换自动显示当前行号或列号。请参阅可选模式线功能。如果您希望在每行之前显示行号，请参阅显示的自定义。

Toggle automatic display of the current line number or column number. See Optional Mode Line Features. If you want to have a line number displayed before each line, see Customization of Display.

M-=

M-=

显示区域 ( ) 中存在的行数、句子数、单词数和字符数count-words-region。有关该地区的信息， 请参阅“标记和地区” 。

Display the number of lines, sentences, words, and characters that are present in the region (count-words-region). See The Mark and the Region, for information about the region.

M-x count-words

M-x count-words

显示缓冲区中存在的行数、句子数、单词数和字符数。如果该区域处于活动状态（请参阅标记和区域），则显示该区域的编号。

Display the number of lines, sentences, words, and characters that are present in the buffer. If the region is active (see The Mark and the Region), display the numbers for the region instead.

C-x =

C-x =

显示点后字符的字符代码、点的字符位置、点的列（what-cursor-position）。

Display the character code of character after point, character position of point, and column of point (what-cursor-position).

M-x hl-line-mode

M-x hl-line-mode

启用或禁用当前行的突出显示。请参阅显示光标。

Enable or disable highlighting of the current line. See Displaying the Cursor.

M-x size-indication-mode

M-x size-indication-mode

切换缓冲区大小的自动显示。请参阅可选模式线功能。

Toggle automatic display of the size of the buffer. See Optional Mode Line Features.

M-x what-line在回显区域显示当前行号。该命令通常是多余的，因为当前行号显示在模式行中（请参阅模式行）。但是，如果缩小缓冲区，模式行将显示相对于可访问部分的行号（请参阅缩小）。相比之下， what-line显示相对于缩小区域的行号和相对于整个缓冲区的行号。

M-x what-line displays the current line number in the echo area. This command is usually redundant because the current line number is shown in the mode line (see The Mode Line). However, if you narrow the buffer, the mode line shows the line number relative to the accessible portion (see Narrowing). By contrast, what-line displays both the line number relative to the narrowed region and the line number relative to the whole buffer.

M-=( count-words-region) 显示一条消息，报告该区域中的行数、句子数、单词数和字符数（有关该区域的说明，请参阅标记和区域）。使用前缀参数 ，C-u M-=该命令显示整个缓冲区的计数。

M-= (count-words-region) displays a message reporting the number of lines, sentences, words, and characters in the region (see The Mark and the Region, for an explanation of the region). With a prefix argument, C-u M-=, the command displays a count for the entire buffer.

该命令M-x count-words执行相同的工作，但使用不同的调用约定。如果该区域处于活动状态，则显示该区域的计数，否则显示缓冲区的计数。

The command M-x count-words does the same job, but with a different calling convention. It displays a count for the region if the region is active, and for the buffer otherwise.

命令C-x =( what-cursor-position) 显示有关当前光标位置和该位置的缓冲区内容的信息。它在回显区域中显示一条线，如下所示：

The command C-x = (what-cursor-position) shows information about the current cursor position and the buffer contents at that position. It displays a line in the echo area that looks like this:

字符：c (99, #o143, #x63) 点 = 36168 (78%) 中的 28062 列 = 53

Char: c (99, #o143, #x63) point=28062 of 36168 (78%) column=53

后 '字符：'，这显示了缓冲区中此时的字符。括号内的文字显示相应的十进制、八进制和十六进制字符代码；有关如何C-x = 显示字符信息的详细信息，请参阅国际字符集简介。后 '点=' 是 point 作为字符计数的位置（缓冲区中的第一个字符是位置 1，第二个字符是位置 2，依此类推）。之后的数字是缓冲区中字符的总数，括号中的数字表示位置占总数的百分比。后 '栏=' 是点的水平位置，以从窗口左边缘开始计数的列为单位。

After ‘Char:’, this shows the character in the buffer at point. The text inside the parenthesis shows the corresponding decimal, octal and hex character codes; for more information about how C-x = displays character information, see Introduction to International Character Sets. After ‘point=’ is the position of point as a character count (the first character in the buffer is position 1, the second character is position 2, and so on). The number after that is the total number of characters in the buffer, and the number in parenthesis expresses the position as a percentage of the total. After ‘column=’ is the horizontal position of point, in columns counting from the left edge of the window.

如果用户选项what-cursor-show-names为 non- nil，则还会显示由 Unicode 字符数据库定义的字符名称。括号中的部分将变为：

If the user option what-cursor-show-names is non-nil, the name of the character, as defined by the Unicode Character Database, is shown as well. The part in parentheses would then become:

（99、#o143、#x63、拉丁文小写字母 C）

(99, #o143, #x63, LATIN SMALL LETTER C)

如果缓冲区已缩小，导致开头和结尾的某些文本暂时无法访问，C-x =则会显示描述当前可访问范围的附加文本。例如，它可能会显示：

If the buffer has been narrowed, making some of the text at the beginning and the end temporarily inaccessible, C-x = displays additional text describing the currently accessible range. For example, it might display this:

字符：C (67, #o103, #x43) 点 = 889 中的 252 (28%) <231-599> 列 =0

Char: C (67, #o103, #x43) point=252 of 889 (28%) <231-599> column=0

其中两个额外的数字给出了该点允许采用的最小和最大字符位置。这两个位置之间的字符是可访问的字符。请参阅缩小范围。

where the two extra numbers give the smallest and largest character position that point is allowed to assume. The characters between those two positions are the accessible ones. See Narrowing.

相关但不同的功能是display-line-numbers-mode （请参阅显示的自定义）。

Related, but different feature is display-line-numbers-mode (see Customization of Display).

8.10 数字参数

8.10 Numeric Arguments

在数学和计算术语中，参数的 意思是“提供给函数或操作的数据”。您可以为任何 Emacs 命令提供数字参数（也称为前缀参数）。某些命令将参数解释为重复计数。例如，给出C-f十个参数会导致它向前移动十个字符而不是一个。对于这些命令，没有参数相当于 1 的参数，负参数会导致它们向相反的方向移动或起作用。

In the terminology of mathematics and computing, argument means “data provided to a function or operation”. You can give any Emacs command a numeric argument (also called a prefix argument). Some commands interpret the argument as a repetition count. For example, giving C-f an argument of ten causes it to move point forward by ten characters instead of one. With these commands, no argument is equivalent to an argument of one, and negative arguments cause them to move or act in the opposite direction.

指定数字参数的最简单方法是按住 键的同时键入数字和/或减号Meta。例如，

The easiest way to specify a numeric argument is to type a digit and/or a minus sign while holding down the Meta key. For example,

M-5 CN

M-5 C-n

向下移动五行。键M-1、M-2等以及M--绑定到为下一个命令设置参数 的命令 (digit-argument和 )。没有数字通常表示-1。 negative-argumentM--

moves down five lines. The keys M-1, M-2, and so on, as well as M--, are bound to commands (digit-argument and negative-argument) that set up an argument for the next command. M-- without digits normally means −1.

如果输入多于一位数字，则无需按住该 Meta键即可输入第二位及后续数字。因此，要向下移动五十行，请输入

If you enter more than one digit, you need not hold down the Meta key for the second and subsequent digits. Thus, to move down fifty lines, type

M-5 0 cn

M-5 0 C-n

请注意，这不会插入 ' 的五个副本0' 然后向下移动一行，如您所料 - '0' 被视为前缀参数的一部分。

Note that this does not insert five copies of ‘0’ and move down one line, as you might expect—the ‘0’ is treated as part of the prefix argument.

（如果您确实想插入 ' 的五个副本怎么办？0'？类型M-5 C-u 0。此处，C-u终止前缀参数，以便下一次击键开始您要执行的命令。请注意，此含义C-u仅适用于这种情况。对于 的通常作用C-u，请参见下文。）

(What if you do want to insert five copies of ‘0’? Type M-5 C-u 0. Here, C-u terminates the prefix argument, so that the next keystroke begins the command that you want to execute. Note that this meaning of C-u applies only to this case. For the usual role of C-u, see below.)

除了键入M-1、M-2等之外，指定数字参数的另一种方法是键入C-u ( universal-argument) 后跟一些数字，或（对于负参数）键入减号后跟数字。不带数字的减号通常表示 -1。

Instead of typing M-1, M-2, and so on, another way to specify a numeric argument is to type C-u (universal-argument) followed by some digits, or (for a negative argument) a minus sign followed by digits. A minus sign without digits normally means −1.

C-u单独具有“四倍”的特殊含义：它将下一个命令的参数乘以四。 C-u C-u 将其乘以十六。因此，C-u C-u C-f向前移动十六个字符。其他有用的组合是C-u C-n， C-u C-u C-n（向下移动屏幕的很大一部分），C-u C-u C-o（生成十六个空白行）和C-u C-k（删除四行）。

C-u alone has the special meaning of “four times”: it multiplies the argument for the next command by four. C-u C-u multiplies it by sixteen. Thus, C-u C-u C-f moves forward sixteen characters. Other useful combinations are C-u C-n, C-u C-u C-n (move down a good fraction of a screen), C-u C-u C-o (make sixteen blank lines), and C-u C-k (kill four lines).

您可以在自插入字符之前使用数字参数来插入它的多个副本。当字符不是数字时，这很简单；例如，C-u 6 4 a插入字符 ' 的 64 个副本A'。但这不适用于插入数字；C-u 6 4 1指定参数 641。您可以将参数与要插入的数字分开 C-u；例如，是否插入字符 ' 的 64 个副本C-u 6 4 C-u 11'。

You can use a numeric argument before a self-inserting character to insert multiple copies of it. This is straightforward when the character is not a digit; for example, C-u 6 4 a inserts 64 copies of the character ‘a’. But this does not work for inserting digits; C-u 6 4 1 specifies an argument of 641. You can separate the argument from the digit to insert with another C-u; for example, C-u 6 4 C-u 1 does insert 64 copies of the character ‘1’.

有些命令关心是否有参数，但忽略它的值。例如，命令M-q( fill-paragraph)填充文本；通过论证，它也证明了文本的合理性。 （有关 的更多信息，请参阅填充文本M-q。）对于这些命令，用单个 指定参数就足够了 C-u。

Some commands care whether there is an argument, but ignore its value. For example, the command M-q (fill-paragraph) fills text; with an argument, it justifies the text as well. (See Filling Text, for more information on M-q.) For these commands, it is enough to specify the argument with a single C-u.

某些命令使用参数的值作为重复计数，但在没有参数时执行一些特殊操作。例如，带有参数n 的C-k命令( )会终止 n行，包括它们的终止换行符。但 没有参数是特殊的：它会杀死直到下一个换行符的文本，或者，如果点位于行尾，它会杀死换行符本身。因此，两个不带参数的命令可以杀死非空行，就像带参数 1 一样。 （有关 的更多信息，请参阅删除和移动文本。） kill-lineC-kC-kC-kC-k

Some commands use the value of the argument as a repeat count but do something special when there is no argument. For example, the command C-k (kill-line) with argument n kills n lines, including their terminating newlines. But C-k with no argument is special: it kills the text up to the next newline, or, if point is right at the end of the line, it kills the newline itself. Thus, two C-k commands with no arguments can kill a nonblank line, just like C-k with an argument of one. (See Killing and Moving Text, for more information on C-k.)

一些命令对普通参数的处理C-u与普通参数的处理不同。其他一些人可能会以不同的方式对待只有负号的参数和 -1 的参数。这些不寻常的情况一出现就会被描述；它们的存在是为了使单个命令更加方便，并且它们记录在该命令的文档字符串中。

A few commands treat a plain C-u differently from an ordinary argument. A few others may treat an argument of just a minus sign differently from an argument of −1. These unusual cases are described when they come up; they exist to make an individual command more convenient, and they are documented in that command’s documentation string.

我们使用术语前缀参数来强调您在命令之前键入此类参数，并将它们与调用命令 后输入的 迷你缓冲区参数（请参阅迷你缓冲区）区分开来。

We use the term prefix argument to emphasize that you type such arguments before the command, and to distinguish them from minibuffer arguments (see The Minibuffer), which are entered after invoking the command.

在图形显示上，C-0、等的作用与、等 C-1相同 。M-0M-1

On graphical displays, C-0, C-1, etc. act the same as M-0, M-1, etc.

8.11 重复命令

8.11 Repeating a Command

许多简单的命令，例如使用单个键或使用 调用的命令，可以通过使用用作重复计数的数字参数来调用它们来重复（请参阅数字参数）。但是，如果您要重复的命令提示输入，或以其他方式使用数字参数，则该方法将不起作用。 M-x command-name RET

Many simple commands, such as those invoked with a single key or with M-x command-name RET, can be repeated by invoking them with a numeric argument that serves as a repeat count (see Numeric Arguments). However, if the command you want to repeat prompts for input, or uses a numeric argument in another way, that method won’t work.

命令C-x z( repeat) 提供了另一种多次重复 Emacs 命令的方法。该命令重复之前的 Emacs 命令，无论它是什么。重复命令使用之前使用过的相同参数；它不会每次都读取新的参数。

The command C-x z (repeat) provides another way to repeat an Emacs command many times. This command repeats the previous Emacs command, whatever that was. Repeating a command uses the same arguments that were used before; it does not read new arguments each time.

要多次重复该命令，请键入additional z's：每个 z都会重复该命令一次。当您键入非字符z或按下鼠标按钮时，重复就会结束。

To repeat the command more than once, type additional z’s: each z repeats the command one more time. Repetition ends when you type a character other than z or press a mouse button.

例如，假设您键入C-u 2 0 C-d要删除 20 个字符。您可以通过键入 重复该命令（包括其参数）三次，总共删除 80 个字符C-x z z z。第一个C-x z命令重复一次，随后的每个z命令再次重复一次。

For example, suppose you type C-u 2 0 C-d to delete 20 characters. You can repeat that command (including its argument) three additional times, to delete a total of 80 characters, by typing C-x z z z. The first C-x z repeats the command once, and each subsequent z repeats it once again.

您还可以激活repeat-mode它，允许通过键入单个字符来重复绑定到两个或多个键序列的命令。例如，在键入C-x u（undo，请参阅撤消）撤消最近的编辑后，您可以通过键入 撤消更多编辑u u u…。同样，键入C-x o o o…而不是切换到几个窗口之外的窗口。这是通过在键入调用命令的完整按键序列后进入瞬态重复模式来实现的；单键快捷键显示在回显区域中。 C-x o C-x o C-x o…

You can also activate repeat-mode which allows repeating commands bound to sequences of two or more keys by typing a single character. For example, after typing C-x u (undo, see Undo) to undo the most recent edits, you can undo many more edits by typing u u u…. Similarly, type C-x o o o… instead of C-x o C-x o C-x o… to switch to the window several windows away. This works by entering a transient repeating mode after you type the full key sequence that invokes the command; the single-key shortcuts are shown in the echo area.

只有部分命令支持重复repeat-mode；键入 以查看哪些。 M-x describe-repeat-maps RET

Only some commands support repetition in repeat-mode; type M-x describe-repeat-maps RET to see which ones.

瞬态重复模式启用的单字符快捷方式不需要相同：例如，键入C-x {、 或{或}或^或v以任何顺序混合这些字符的任何系列后，将以各自的方式调整所选窗口的大小。类似地，在M-g n或 之后，在任何组合中M-g p键入任何序列n和/或将重复并在pnext-errorprevious-error*汇编*或者*grep*缓冲区（请参阅编译模式）。

The single-character shortcuts enabled by the transient repeating mode do not need to be identical: for example, after typing C-x {, either { or } or ^ or v, or any series that mixes these characters in any order, will resize the selected window in respective ways. Similarly, after M-g n or M-g p, typing any sequence of n and/or p in any mix will repeat next-error and previous-error to navigate in a *compilation* or *grep* buffer (see Compilation Mode).

键入除定义为重复上一命令之外的任何键都会退出瞬态重复模式，然后正常执行您键入的键。您还可以定义一个键，该键将退出瞬态重复模式，而不执行导致退出的键。为此，自定义用户选项 repeat-exit-key来命名一个键；一个自然值是RET.最后，可以在一定的空闲时间后自动中断重复链：自定义用户选项 repeat-exit-timeout以指定空闲时间（以秒为单位），之后此瞬态重复模式将自动关闭。

Typing any key other than those defined to repeat the previous command exits the transient repeating mode, and then the key you typed is executed normally. You can also define a key which will exit the transient repeating mode without executing the key which caused the exit. To this end, customize the user option repeat-exit-key to name a key; one natural value is RET. Finally, it’s possible to break the repetition chain automatically after some amount of idle time: customize the user option repeat-exit-timeout to specify the idle time in seconds after which this transient repetition mode will be turned off automatically.

9.1 使用迷你缓冲区

9.1 Using the Minibuffer

当使用迷你缓冲区时，它会出现在回显区域中，并带有光标。迷你缓冲区以提示符开头，通常以冒号结尾。提示说明了预期的输入类型以及如何使用它。使用脸部突出显示提示 minibuffer-prompt（请参阅文本脸部）。

When the minibuffer is in use, it appears in the echo area, with a cursor. The minibuffer starts with a prompt, usually ending with a colon. The prompt states what kind of input is expected, and how it will be used. The prompt is highlighted using the minibuffer-prompt face (see Text Faces).

输入迷你缓冲区参数的最简单方法是键入文本，然后RET提交参数并退出迷你缓冲区。或者，您可以C-g通过取消要求参数的命令来键入退出迷你缓冲区（请参阅退出和中止）。

The simplest way to enter a minibuffer argument is to type the text, then RET to submit the argument and exit the minibuffer. Alternatively, you can type C-g to exit the minibuffer by canceling the command asking for the argument (see Quitting and Aborting).

有时，提示符会在冒号之前的括号内显示默认参数。如果您只键入 ，则此默认值将用作参数RET。例如，读取缓冲区名称的命令通常显示缓冲区名称作为默认值；您可以键入 RET以对该默认缓冲区进行操作。您可以使用用户选项自定义默认参数的显示方式 minibuffer-default-prompt-format。

Sometimes, the prompt shows a default argument, inside parentheses before the colon. This default will be used as the argument if you just type RET. For example, commands that read buffer names usually show a buffer name as the default; you can type RET to operate on that default buffer. You can customize how the default argument is shown with the user option minibuffer-default-prompt-format.

如果您启用 Minibuffer Electric Default 模式（一种全局次要模式），则一旦您修改了 minibuffer 的内容，Emacs 就会隐藏默认参数（因为键入RET将不再提交该默认值）。如果您恢复原始的迷你缓冲区文本，提示将再次显示默认值。要启用此次要模式，请键入 M-x minibuffer-electric-default-mode。

If you enable Minibuffer Electric Default mode, a global minor mode, Emacs hides the default argument as soon as you modify the contents of the minibuffer (since typing RET would no longer submit that default). If you ever bring back the original minibuffer text, the prompt again shows the default. To enable this minor mode, type M-x minibuffer-electric-default-mode.

由于迷你缓冲区出现在​​回显区域中，因此它可能与回显区域的其他用途发生冲突。如果在迷你缓冲区处于活动状态时发出错误消息或信息性消息，则该消息将在迷你缓冲区文本后面的括号中显示几秒钟，或者直到您键入某些内容；然后该消息消失。当使用迷你缓冲区时，Emacs 不会回显击键。

Since the minibuffer appears in the echo area, it can conflict with other uses of the echo area. If an error message or an informative message is emitted while the minibuffer is active, the message is displayed in brackets after the minibuffer text for a few seconds, or until you type something; then the message disappears. While the minibuffer is in use, Emacs does not echo keystrokes.

使用迷你缓冲区时，您可以切换到不同的框架，也许是为了记下需要输入的文本（请参阅框架命令）。默认情况下，活动迷你缓冲区会移动到这个新帧。如果将用户选项设置minibuffer-follows-selected-frame为 nil，则微型缓冲区将保留在打开它的帧中，并且您必须切换回该帧才能完成（或中止）当前命令。如果将该选项设置为既不是nil也不是 的值t，则仅在当前命令中打开递归迷你缓冲区后，迷你缓冲区才会移动帧（请参阅(elisp)Recursive Mini）。该选项主要是为了（大约）保留 Emacs 28.1 之前的行为。请注意，当您最终完成使用迷你缓冲区时，该命令的效果始终发生在您首次打开它的帧中。唯一的例外是，当该帧不再存在时，操作将在当前选定的帧中发生。

While using the minibuffer, you can switch to a different frame, perhaps to note text you need to enter (see Frame Commands). By default, the active minibuffer moves to this new frame. If you set the user option minibuffer-follows-selected-frame to nil, then the minibuffer stays in the frame where you opened it, and you must switch back to that frame in order to complete (or abort) the current command. If you set that option to a value which is neither nil nor t, the minibuffer moves frame only after a recursive minibuffer has been opened in the current command (see (elisp)Recursive Mini). This option is mainly to retain (approximately) the behavior prior to Emacs 28.1. Note that the effect of the command, when you finally finish using the minibuffer, always takes place in the frame where you first opened it. The sole exception is that when that frame no longer exists, the action takes place in the currently selected frame.

9.2 文件名的迷你缓冲区

9.2 Minibuffers for File Names

C-x C-f( )等命令find-file使用迷你缓冲区来读取文件名参数（请参阅文件）。当使用迷你缓冲区读取文件名时，它通常以一些以斜杠结尾的初始文本开始。这是默认目录。例如，它可能是这样开始的：

Commands such as C-x C-f (find-file) use the minibuffer to read a file name argument (see Files). When the minibuffer is used to read a file name, it typically starts out with some initial text ending in a slash. This is the default directory. For example, it may start out like this:

查找文件：/u2/emacs/src/

Find file: /u2/emacs/src/

这里， '查找文件：' 是提示符并且 '/u2/emacs/src/' 是默认目录。如果您现在键入buffer.c作为输入，则指定文件/u2/emacs/src/buffer.c。有关默认目录的信息， 请参阅文件名。

Here, ‘Find file: ’ is the prompt and ‘/u2/emacs/src/’ is the default directory. If you now type buffer.c as input, that specifies the file /u2/emacs/src/buffer.c. See File Names, for information about the default directory.

您可以通过键入获得您可能需要的文件名的替代默认值M-n，请参阅迷你缓冲区历史记录。

Alternative defaults for the file name you may want are available by typing M-n, see Minibuffer History.

您可以使用以下命令指定父目录中的文件..: /a/b/../foo.el相当于/a/foo.el。或者，您可以使用向后删除目录名称（请参阅Words）。 M-DEL

You can specify a file in the parent directory with ..: /a/b/../foo.el is equivalent to /a/foo.el. Alternatively, you can use M-DEL to kill directory names backwards (see Words).

要指定完全不同的目录中的文件，您可以使用C-a C-k（请参阅在迷你缓冲区中编辑）来终止整个默认目录。或者，您可以忽略默认值，并在默认目录后输入以斜线或波形符开头的绝对文件名。例如，您可以指定/etc/termcap如下：

To specify a file in a completely different directory, you can kill the entire default with C-a C-k (see Editing in the Minibuffer). Alternatively, you can ignore the default, and enter an absolute file name starting with a slash or a tilde after the default directory. For example, you can specify /etc/termcap as follows:

查找文件：/u2/emacs/src//etc/termcap

Find file: /u2/emacs/src//etc/termcap

双斜杠会导致 Emacs 忽略该对中第二个斜杠之前的所有内容。在上面的例子中， /u2/emacs/src/被忽略，所以您提供的参数是 /etc/termcap。如果终端允许，文件名中被忽略的部分会变暗。 （要禁用此调暗功能，请使用命令关闭文件名阴影模式。） M-x file-name-shadow-mode

A double slash causes Emacs to ignore everything before the second slash in the pair. In the example above, /u2/emacs/src/ is ignored, so the argument you supplied is /etc/termcap. The ignored part of the file name is dimmed if the terminal allows it. (To disable this dimming, turn off File Name Shadow mode with the command M-x file-name-shadow-mode.)

当完成远程文件名时（请参阅远程文件），双斜杠的行为略有不同：它导致 Emacs 仅忽略文件名部分，而其余部分（方法、主机和用户名等）保持不变。连续输入三个斜杠会忽略远程文件名中的所有内容。请参阅The Tramp Manual中的文件名完成。

When completing remote file names (see Remote Files), a double slash behaves slightly differently: it causes Emacs to ignore only the file-name part, leaving the rest (method, host and username, etc.) intact. Typing three slashes in a row ignores everything in remote file names. See File name completion in The Tramp Manual.

Emacs 解释〜/作为您的主目录。因此， 〜/foo/bar.txt指定一个名为栏.txt，在名为的目录中富，它又位于您的主目录中。此外，~用户 ID /表示登录名为user-id的用户的主目录。前面的任何前导目录名称～被忽略：因此， /u2/emacs/~/foo/bar.txt相当于〜/foo/bar.txt。

Emacs interprets ~/ as your home directory. Thus, ~/foo/bar.txt specifies a file named bar.txt, inside a directory named foo, which is in turn located in your home directory. In addition, ~user-id/ means the home directory of a user whose login name is user-id. Any leading directory name in front of the ~ is ignored: thus, /u2/emacs/~/foo/bar.txt is equivalent to ~/foo/bar.txt.

在 MS-Windows 和 MS-DOS 系统上，用户并不总是有主目录，Emacs 使用多种替代方法。对于 MS-Windows，请参阅 MS-Windows 上的主目录和启动目录；对于 MS-DOS，请参阅 MS-DOS 上的文件名。在这些系统上，~用户 ID /仅当前用户支持构造，即仅当user-id是当前用户的登录名时。

On MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems, where a user doesn’t always have a home directory, Emacs uses several alternatives. For MS-Windows, see HOME and Startup Directories on MS-Windows; for MS-DOS, see File Names on MS-DOS. On these systems, the ~user-id/ construct is supported only for the current user, i.e., only if user-id is the current user’s login name.

要防止 Emacs 在读取文件名时插入默认目录，请将变量更改insert-default-directory为 nil.在这种情况下，迷你缓冲区一开始是空的。尽管如此，相对文件名参数仍然基于相同的默认目录进行解释。

To prevent Emacs from inserting the default directory when reading file names, change the variable insert-default-directory to nil. In that case, the minibuffer starts out empty. Nonetheless, relative file name arguments are still interpreted based on the same default directory.

您还可以在迷你缓冲区中输入远程文件名。请参阅远程文件。

You can also enter remote file names in the minibuffer. See Remote Files.

9.3 在迷你缓冲区中编辑

9.3 Editing in the Minibuffer

迷你缓冲区是一种 Emacs 缓冲区，尽管是一种特殊的缓冲区，并且常用的 Emacs 命令可用于编辑参数文本。 （但是，该提示是只读的，无法更改。）

The minibuffer is an Emacs buffer, albeit a peculiar one, and the usual Emacs commands are available for editing the argument text. (The prompt, however, is read-only, and cannot be changed.)

由于RET在迷你缓冲区中提交了参数，因此您不能使用它来插入换行符。您可以使用 来执行此操作C-q C-j，它会插入一个C-j控制字符，该字符在形式上相当于换行符（请参阅插入文本）。或者，您可以使用C-o( open-line) 命令（请参阅空行）。

Since RET in the minibuffer submits the argument, you can’t use it to insert a newline. You can do that with C-q C-j, which inserts a C-j control character, which is formally equivalent to a newline character (see Inserting Text). Alternatively, you can use the C-o (open-line) command (see Blank Lines).

在迷你缓冲区内，键TAB、SPC、 和?通常绑定到完成命令，这使您可以轻松填写​​所需的文本，而无需键入全部内容。请参阅完成。与 一样RET，您可以使用C-q插入TAB, SPC, 或 '？' 特点。如果你想正常地 makeSPC和 ?insert 而不是开始完成，你可以将以下内容放入你的 init 文件中：

Inside a minibuffer, the keys TAB, SPC, and ? are often bound to completion commands, which allow you to easily fill in the desired text without typing all of it. See Completion. As with RET, you can use C-q to insert a TAB, SPC, or ‘?’ character. If you want to make SPC and ? insert normally instead of starting completion, you can put the following in your init file:

(keymap-unset minibuffer-local-completion-map "SPC")
（键盘映射未设置迷你缓冲区本地完成映射“？”）

(keymap-unset minibuffer-local-completion-map "SPC")
(keymap-unset minibuffer-local-completion-map "?")

为了方便起见，迷你缓冲区中的C-a( move-beginning-of-line) 移动指向参数文本的开头，而不是提示的开头。例如，这允许您使用 删除整个参数C-a C-k。

For convenience, C-a (move-beginning-of-line) in a minibuffer moves point to the beginning of the argument text, not the beginning of the prompt. For example, this allows you to erase the entire argument with C-a C-k.

当迷你缓冲区处于活动状态时，回显区域的处理方式与普通 Emacs 窗口非常相似。例如，您可以切换到另一个窗口（使用C-x o），在那里编辑文本，然后返回到迷你缓冲区窗口以完成参数。您甚至可以删除另一个窗口中的文本，返回到迷你缓冲区窗口，然后将文本拉入参数中。但是，迷你缓冲区窗口有一些限制：例如，您不能拆分它。请参阅多个窗口。

When the minibuffer is active, the echo area is treated much like an ordinary Emacs window. For instance, you can switch to another window (with C-x o), edit text there, then return to the minibuffer window to finish the argument. You can even kill text in another window, return to the minibuffer window, and yank the text into the argument. There are some restrictions on the minibuffer window, however: for instance, you cannot split it. See Multiple Windows.

通常，迷你缓冲区窗口占据单个屏幕行。但是，如果您将两行或更多行的文本添加到迷你缓冲区中，它会自动扩展以容纳文本。该变量resize-mini-windows控制迷你缓冲区的大小调整。默认值为grow-only，这意味着我们刚才描述的行为。如果值为t，则当您从迷你缓冲区中删除一些文本行时，迷你缓冲区窗口也会自动缩小，至少缩小到一个屏幕行。如果值为nil，则迷你缓冲区窗口永远不会自动更改大小，但您可以在其上使用常用的窗口大小调整命令（请参阅多个窗口）。

Normally, the minibuffer window occupies a single screen line. However, if you add two or more lines’ worth of text into the minibuffer, it expands automatically to accommodate the text. The variable resize-mini-windows controls the resizing of the minibuffer. The default value is grow-only, which means the behavior we have just described. If the value is t, the minibuffer window will also shrink automatically if you remove some lines of text from the minibuffer, down to a minimum of one screen line. If the value is nil, the minibuffer window never changes size automatically, but you can use the usual window-resizing commands on it (see Multiple Windows).

该变量max-mini-window-height控制调整迷你缓冲区窗口大小的最大高度。浮点数指定框架高度的一部分；一个整数指定最大行数；nil意味着不自动调整迷你缓冲区窗口的大小。默认值为 0.25。

The variable max-mini-window-height controls the maximum height for resizing the minibuffer window. A floating-point number specifies a fraction of the frame’s height; an integer specifies the maximum number of lines; nil means do not resize the minibuffer window automatically. The default value is 0.25.

迷你缓冲区中的命令C-M-v滚动来自在另一个窗口中显示任何类型的帮助文本的命令的帮助文本。您还可以使用和 （或者等效地，和 ）滚动帮助文本。这对于可能完成的长列表特别有用。请参阅使用其他 Windows。 M-PageUpM-PageDownM-priorM-next

The C-M-v command in the minibuffer scrolls the help text from commands that display help text of any sort in another window. You can also scroll the help text with M-PageUp and M-PageDown (or, equivalently, M-prior and M-next). This is especially useful with long lists of possible completions. See Using Other Windows.

当迷你缓冲区处于活动状态时，Emacs 通常不允许大多数使用迷你缓冲区的命令。要在迷你缓冲区中允许此类命令，请将变量设置enable-recursive-minibuffers为t。您可能还需要minibuffer-depth-indicate-mode 在递归使用迷你缓冲区时在迷你缓冲区提示中显示当前递归深度。

Emacs normally disallows most commands that use the minibuffer while the minibuffer is active. To allow such commands in the minibuffer, set the variable enable-recursive-minibuffers to t. You might need also to enable minibuffer-depth-indicate-mode to show the current recursion depth in the minibuffer prompt on recursive use of the minibuffer.

当激活时，迷你缓冲区通常位于minibuffer-mode.这是 Emacs 的内部模式，没有任何特殊功能。

When active, the minibuffer is usually in minibuffer-mode. This is an internal Emacs mode without any special features.

当不活动时，迷你缓冲区位于 中minibuffer-inactive-mode，单击mouse-1此处会显示*留言*缓冲。如果您使用迷你缓冲区的专用框架，Emacs 还会识别那里的某些键，例如，n创建一个新框架。

When not active, the minibuffer is in minibuffer-inactive-mode, and clicking mouse-1 there shows the *Messages* buffer. If you use a dedicated frame for minibuffers, Emacs also recognizes certain keys there, for example, n to make a new frame.

9.4 完成

9.4 Completion

您通常可以使用称为完成的功能来帮助输入参数。这意味着在您输入部分参数后，Emacs 可以根据目前输入的内容填写其余部分或部分内容。

You can often use a feature called completion to help enter arguments. This means that after you type part of the argument, Emacs can fill in the rest, or some of it, based on what was typed so far.

当完成可用时，某些键（通常是TAB、 RET和SPC）会在迷你缓冲区中反弹到特殊的完成命令（请参阅完成命令）。这些命令尝试根据请求参数的命令提供的一组完成替代方案来完成微型缓冲区中的文本 。您通常可以键入?以查看补全选项列表。

When completion is available, certain keys (usually TAB, RET, and SPC) are rebound in the minibuffer to special completion commands (see Completion Commands). These commands attempt to complete the text in the minibuffer, based on a set of completion alternatives provided by the command that requested the argument. You can usually type ? to see a list of completion alternatives.

尽管完成通常是在迷你缓冲区中完成的，但该功能有时也可以在普通缓冲区中使用。请参阅符号名称的完成。

Although completion is usually done in the minibuffer, the feature is sometimes available in ordinary buffers too. See Completion for Symbol Names.

• 完成示例
• Completion Example
• 完成命令
• Completion Commands
• 完成退出
• Completion Exit
• 如何选择完成替代方案
• How Completion Alternatives Are Chosen
• 完成选项
• Completion Options